Boletus Pulverulentus
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Cyanoboletus pulverulentus, commonly known as the ink stain bolete, is an edible bolete mushroom. It is found in deciduous and mixed forests, particularly on moist soil on slopes and under beech and oak trees. A common species, it is found in northern Asia, Europe, North Africa, Central and northern South America, and eastern North America. All parts of the mushroom will stain dark bluish-black after handling. A recent study has revealed this mushroom hyperaccumulates arsenic and therefore it's consumption should be limited.[2]
Boletus pulverulentus was first described by German mycologist Wilhelm Opatowski in 1836. The specific epithet pulverulentus means \"covered with powder\" and refers to the somewhat dry powdery surface of the young cap and stalk.[3] The fungus was transferred to the newly created genus Cyanoboletus in 2014, where it is the type species.[4] Based on the 28S rDNA, North American collection of this fungus reported in the Genbank database (accession number KF030313) does not match that from Europe.[2]
An ectomycorrhizal species, Cyanoboletus pulverulentus forms associations with coniferous and deciduous trees, particularly oak. Fruit bodies appear on the ground, usually singly, in woodland. The bolete is widely distributed, having been reported from northern Asia, Europe, North Africa, Central and northern South America, and eastern North America. Reports of appearances in western North American could refer to the similar Cyanoboletus rainsii, which stains greenish-black instead of bluish-black.[6]
Boletus pulverulentus is found under beech, lime Sweet Chestnut and oak trees, mainly in deciduous and mixed woodland but also occasionally in parkland and even in gardens. What makes this species relatively easy to identify is the instant and intense colour change of all parts of the fruitbody if handled or cut.
The generic name Boletus comes from the Greek bolos, meaning 'lump of clay', while the specific epithet pulverulentus means 'covered in powder' - a reference to the dry, finely velvety or slightly powdery surface of the caps and stems of young specimens.
Boletus pulverulentus is most commonly found under beech or oak trees, but this ectomycorrhizal species is also sometimes found under other kinds of hardwoods. Less commonly the Blackening Bolete is recorded as occurring under conifers.
Neoboletus luridiformis, the Scarletina Bolete, is equally sensitive to handling and its cap, pores and red-dotted stem turn dark blue when bruised; however, its pores are red rather than yellow.
I think Boletus pulverulentus should be called the \"dirty bolete.\" While I'm not the most fastidious, cleanly, superego-dominated person I know, something in me wants to give this messy mushroom a bath. Its stem is dirty, it bruises blue everywhere, its cap is unkempt . . . In short, it just needs to get it together and make something of itself.
Boletus pulverulentus grows under hardwoods or conifers in eastern North America and in Texas. Collections from the West Coast and the Pacific Northwest may represent Boletus rainisii, which was named in 2000; while similar to Boletus pulverulentus, it bruises green rather than blue, and has a smooth stem.
April 2006. Every year about this time, a toadstool appears in a Sydney garden; this year it is there and on the grass verge in front of the house between two large Moreton Bay figs. An identification was requested; is it Boletus (Xerocomus) pulverulentus. Its main characteristic is that it turns from bright yellow to blue, almost immediately it is cut. Later, the blue bleaches. And is it edible
Long known by a misapplied name in the Pacific Northwest, Boletus pulverulentus, this bolete was described as Boletus rainisii (Bessette, Roody, Bessette, 2000) and transferred into Xerocomellus (Frank, 2014). The epithet rainisiae is correct (rainisii is an orthographic variant).
The four reported California records, (as Boletus pulverulentus) are likely other Xerocomellus species. There are around 25 locations reported from the Pacific Northwest, but only about 15 are confirmed to be X. rainisiae.
The aim of this study was to evaluate the contamination of six edible wild species of mushrooms (Boletus pulverulentus, Cantharellus cibarius, Lactarius quietus, Macrolepiota procera, Russula xerampelina and Suillus grevillei) by heavy metals (Hg, Cd, Pb, Zn, Cu, Ni, Cr, Co, Mn and Fe). Mushroom samples were collected from sites contaminated by emissions from mining and processing of polymetallic ores in operation during the period 1969-1993 in Rudňany, southeast Slovakia. The four study sites spanned up to a 5-km distance from the emission source. The collected mushroom samples were analyzed using Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry and/or Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry with graphite furnace. Mercury, Cd and, in some samples, also Pb present the highest risks in terms of contamination of the food chain following subsequent consumption. The content of two metals in the dry matter (dm) of the mushrooms exceeded the limits set by the European Union (EU; Cd: 0.5 mg/kg dm, Pb: 1.0 mg/kg dm). The highest mean contents of the eight metals recorded for S. grevillei were 52.2, 2.15, 107, 104, 2.27, 2.49, 81.6 and 434 mg/kg dm for Hg, Pb, Zn, Cu, Ni, Cr, Mn and Fe, respectively. The highest content of Cd was recorded in M. procera (3.05 mg/kg dm) and that of Co in L. quietus (0.90 mg/kg dm). The calculated weekly intake for Hg, Pb and Cd shows that regular consumption of mushrooms from the studied area poses risks to human health.
Der Schwarzblauende Röhrling (Cyanoboletus pulverulentus[1] Syn. Boletus pulverulentus, Xerocomus pulverulentus) ist eine Pilzart aus der Familie der Dickröhrlingsverwandten. Früher wurde er zu den Filzröhrlingen gezählt. Charakteristisch ist die intensive schwarzblaue Verfärbung auf Druck oder im Schnitt.
Bläcksopp beskrevs av Wilhelm Opatowski 1836 som Boletus pulverulentus..[7] År 2014 fördes den som typart till det nybeskrivna släktet Cyanoboletus av Giampaolo Simonini, Matteo Gelardi, Alfredo Vizzini.[8] 59ce067264
https://www.60bit.ca/forum/business-forum/along-came-polly-2004-183-available-subtitles